The quasi-static mechanical properties of basalt fiber/aluminum alloy laminates under different loading modes were studied by uniaxial tension, shear and three-point bending experiments. A bullet impact loading experiment was performed on basalt fiber/aluminum alloy laminates by using an aerodynamic gun. In the experiment, different mechanical parameters of the laminate material and the typical deformation failure mode under the impact of bullet were obtained. The experimental results show that under the uniaxial tensile load, the fiber layer in the laminate broke first and caused the material failure. Under the 45° tensile shearing, the shear strength was lower and the shear strain was larger because the fiber was not able to bear the tensile load, resulting in in-plane bending deformation of the aluminum plate. The basalt fiber/aluminum alloy laminates under 12 mm bullet impact load exhibited good impact resistance, and the ballistic limit was 97.9 m/s.